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Calculation Of Empty Space In An Atom (Considering The Simplest Hydrogen Atom)

All about an atom,

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely light and exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. The electron cloud has a radius 10,000 times larger than the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass. However, a proton weighs more than 1,800 electrons. Atoms always have an equal number of protons and electrons, and the number of protons and neutrons is usually the same as well. Adding a proton to an atom creates a new element, while adding a neutron creates an isotope, or heavier version, of that atom.

Core

The nucleus was discovered in 1911, but its parts were not identified until 1932. Virtually all of the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The core is held together by the “strong force”, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. This force between protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electric force which, according to the rules of electricity, would otherwise push the protons apart.

protons

Protons are positively charged particles present in atomic nuclei. They were discovered by Ernest Rutherford during experiments carried out between 1911 and 1919.

The number of protons in an atom defines which element it is. For example, carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one, and oxygen atoms have eight. The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number of that element. The number of protons in an atom also determines the chemical behavior of the element. The Periodic Table of Elements lists the elements in ascending order of atomic number.

Protons are made up of other particles called quarks. There are three quarks in each proton – two “up” quarks and one “down” quark – and they are held together by other particles called gluons.

Electrons

Electrons have a negative charge and are electrically attracted to positively charged protons. Electrons surround the atomic nucleus in pathways called orbitals. The inner orbitals surrounding the atom are spherical but the outer orbitals are much more complicated.

The electron configuration of an atom is the orbital description of the locations of electrons in an unexcited atom. Using electronic configuration and the principles of physics, chemists can predict an atom’s properties, such as stability, boiling point, and conductivity.

Typically, only the outermost electron shells matter in chemistry. The inner electron shell notation is often truncated by replacing the long orbital description with the symbol for a noble gas in parentheses. This method of notation greatly simplifies the description of large molecules.

For example, the electron configuration of beryllium (Be) is 1s22s2, but it is written [He]2s2. [He] equals all the electron orbitals in a helium atom. The letters, s, p, d and f denote the shape of the orbitals and the exponent gives the number of electrons in that orbital.

Neutrons

Neutrons are uncharged particles present in atomic nuclei. The mass of a neutron is slightly greater than that of a proton. Like protons, neutrons are also made up of quarks – one “up” quark and two “down” quarks. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.

Almost all. Let’s examine a hydrogen atom to see how empty it really is.

A hydrogen atom consists of a single proton surrounded by a single electron. How big is a hydrogen atom? The radius of a hydrogen atom is known as the Bohr radius, which is equal to 0.529×10-10 meters. This means that a hydrogen atom has a volume of about 6.2 × 10-31 cubic meters.

How big is the proton in the center of a hydrogen atom? Recent studies indicate that protons have a radius of about 0.84 × 10-15 meters, giving them a volume of about 2.5 × 10-45 cubic meters.

We need to do a bit more math to find out how much of a hydrogen atom is empty space:.

Percent full = 100 × (Volume filled / Total volume)

Percent full = 100 × (2.5 × 10**-45 m3 / 6.2 × 10**-31 m3)

Percent full = 100 × (4 × 10**-15)

Percent full = 4 × 10**-13%

Percent full = 0.0000000000004%

If 0.0000000000004% of a hydrogen atom is full, then the rest must be empty:

Percent Empty = 100% – Percent Full

Empty percentage = 100% – 0.0000000000004%

Empty percentage = 99.9999999999996%

A hydrogen atom is approximately 99.9999999999996% empty space. In other words, if a hydrogen atom were the size of the earth, the proton at its center would be about 200 meters (600 feet) in diameter. While I don’t want something that big to land on my head, it’s tiny compared to the size of the earth.

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