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Gwyddbwyll and Tallfwrdd, Ancient Welsh Board Games

Long before chess came to Europe from India, British Celts played board games where the objective was to capture a central ‘king’ piece. Two variations of this game existed, Gwyddbwyll and Tallfwrdd.

Gwyddbwyll, which literally means “wooden wisdom” (and is therefore related to the Irish game Fidchellisten)) and is primarily known from mythological sources. Indeed, the game features in three of the Welsh epics known as Mabinogion: The Dream of Magnus Maximus, Peredur son of Efrawg and the Dream of Rhonabwy.

In terms of popular belief, gwyddbwyll is played on a 7×7 board and this is related to the Ballinderry game board found in 1932 during the excavation of a “crannog”, or lake dwelling at Ballinderry, West Meath, Ireland. It looks like the game was played with one king and four princes (or defenders) against eight opponents (or raiders).

The king is placed in the center of the board, flanked by four princes. The object of the game is to move the king to the safety of one of the corner squares. Eight attackers are evenly spaced along the edges of the board. The king wins by moving from the center square to one of the corners of the board and only the king is allowed to enter the center square at any time. The king loses if the attackers surround him or if all the princes are lost. Capturing princes or attackers is accomplished by pinning the opponent’s piece between two of your own. However, a piece can move between two opposing pieces without being captured. Each piece can only move one orthogonal space at a time (i.e. only forward or backward). If not occupied by the king, the center square counts as an additional “man”, i.e. any piece (except the king) sandwiched between it and another piece is captured. The king can also be captured at the edge of the board by only three opposing pieces. Which means that if the attackers are down to two men, the king’s side has won by default.

In contrast, Tallfwrdd (literally peg-board [though the name can also be derived from tafl ‘to throw’, referring to the die with which the board is played]) is known from historical sources. It is described in the Cyfrraith Hywel Dda (The Laws of Hywel Dda) which specifies the value of a towlbwrdd which must be provided to the various members of a king’s court (and which they cannot sell or give away) as well than the value of the king’s towlbwrdd; the latter “worth sixtypence, and it is divided thus: sixtypence for the white forces, and…thirtypence for the king, and…threepence and three farthings for each man”. Which would seem to imply that the game was played with a king and eight “princes” or “defenders” against sixteen “attackers”.

More details are given in the 1587 manuscript of Robert ap Ifan in Elizabethan Wales, which provides us with a sketch of a ‘towlbwrdd’ board in the form of an 11×11 square. and a description of the setup and play that is, unfortunately, inconsistent with the previous information in that it places one king and twelve men against twenty-four men (although at least it is consistent in balancing the king against the half of the opposing men.) The setup calls for the king to be placed in the center of the board with his own men in the squares closest to him and the opposing men in the middle on either side, an ambiguous description at best.

This current interpretation of an 11×11 board with a central king surrounded by twelve princes or defenders. Each side of the board starts with six blue attackers, 24 in total. The central square is important because it can only be occupied by the king, although other pieces can pass through it, as long as it is unoccupied. The game is played in alternating turns and although the extant documentation does not describe who should move first, it would seem natural for the attacker to do so (after all, the king is defending against an attack). The king also has an inherent advantage in the game and giving the first hit to the attacker goes some way to reducing it.

All pieces move orthogonally (i.e. forwards or backwards like the rook in chess). They can move any number of squares but cannot jump over another piece and the square they are moved to must also be empty.

Any man (other than the king) can be captured while sandwiched between two opponents (i.e. when two of the opponent’s men occupy adjacent squares in a straight line with him). Some variations of the game allow pieces to move into squares between opposing men without being captured, but others do not. It is not known either if the king can participate in the captures; although the game is more equal if this form of capture is prohibited. Also, since no other piece besides the king can occupy the center square, it may be possible to use it as an extra man and pieces can be captured by being sandwiched against it.

The king’s side wins if the king reaches any edge and the king also wins by default if the attackers are reduced to three or fewer men. Attackers can only win by capturing the king; surrounding it on all four sides by their men. However, a variant based on gwyddbwyll would allow the attackers to win if all the princes (king’s defenders) have been eliminated from the board.

There should be enough info here for you to recreate the games, but if you need more info and pictures use the links below:

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